Rolling shutter optical switch device with dimples on shutter, annular rim at optical port and shortened shutter attachment edge

ABSTRACT

An optical switch device includes a rolling shutter or membrane attached at one of its edges to a substrate near an optical port in the substrate. The rolling shutter can assume one of two states. In a first closed state, the membrane is uncoiled onto the substrate over the port such that light directed at the port impinges on the shutter. In a second open state, the membrane is rolled up away from the port such that light directed at the port impinges on the port. In one embodiment, a mirror is formed on the membrane such that when the membrane is in the closed state over the substrate, light directed at the port is reflected by the mirror. In one configuration, the optical port includes a hole or aperture such light passed through the port without interference. The device can include a latch electrode the far end of the membrane such that when it is rolled out, it can be held in position by a latching voltage applied across the latch electrode and the substrate. Slits can be formed in the membrane to keep the mirror flat by relieving strain in the membrane and to allow gases in proximity to the device to pass through the membrane as it is activated. The shutter can include dimples to minimize the area of contact between the membrane and the substrate to reduce the probability of the two sticking together. The attachment edge of the membrane can be made shorter than its width to reduce distortions in the membrane to keep the mirror flat. A raised annular rim can be provided around the port such that when the shutter is held down over the port it is pulled taut and flat over the rim. This feature is also used to maintain flatness in the mirror. The switch device can be used as part of an array of optical switches.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is based on U.S. provisional patent application Ser.No. 60/187,226, filed on Mar. 3, 2000; U.S. provisional patentapplication Ser. No. 60/188,119, filed on Mar. 9, 2000; and U.S.provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/220,355, filed on Jul. 24,2000.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an improved optical switch device witha rolling shutter in which, when the shutter is in an open position,light passes impinges on a substrate of the device, and when the shutteris in a closed position, light is reflected back by the shutter.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Optical switch devices have been developed in which a movable shutter ismounted on a smooth flat substrate. The shutter is positioned such thatlight is directed toward the substrate in proximity to the shutter. Theshutter is made of a thin material which has stresses introduced suchthat the shutter is normally in a coiled configuration. As a result,light directed onto the substrate is able to pass through the substratewithout obstruction from the shutter. When a voltage is applied acrossthe substrate and the shutter, the resulting electric field causes theshutter to uncoil into a flat position over the surface of thesubstrate. Light directed onto the substrate therefore impinges on theuncoiled shutter. Such a device can be implemented in a variety ofoptical switching applications.

For example, U. S. Pat. No. 5,233,459, issued on Aug. 3, 1993, entitled“Electric Display Device,” describes an optical switch device with amovable shutter. The shutter is formed on a glass substrate such thatwhen the shutter is coiled up, light can pass freely through the device.When the shutter is uncoiled, it is held in a relatively flat state overthe substrate by the electric field applied between the shutter and thesubstrate. In this state, light impinges on the shutter.

Such devices are prone to several drawbacks. For example, the shuttercan have a tendency to stick to the substrate. When the electric fieldis removed or reduced, the sticking interferes with the ability of theshutter to recoil. This can cause substantial delays in devices andprocesses which utilize the device, or can result in complete failure ofthe devices and processes. Also, the gaseous atmosphere in which thedevice operates can slow the opening and closing of the shutter, alsoresulting in delayed processing. Also, the shutter can tend to distortwhen it is uncoiled.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to an improved optical switch deviceor element, an array of optical switch devices or elements and anoptical switching method. The optical switch device of the inventionincludes a substrate and a flexible membrane or shutter attached at oneof its ends to a surface of the substrate. The substrate includes anoptical port portion on which light can be made to impinge. The flexiblemembrane is attached to the substrate in proximity to the optical portportion of the substrate. The flexible membrane is configured such thatit is controllable between a first or closed state and a second or openstate. In the closed state, the membrane is disposed onto the substrateover the optical port portion such that when light is directed towardthe optical port portion of the substrate, the light impinges on theflexible membrane. In the open state, the membrane is disposed away fromthe optical port portion of the substrate such that when light isdirected toward the optical port portion, it impinges on the opticalport portion.

In one aspect of the invention, a reflective surface or mirror is formedon the flexible membrane. In this configuration, when the membrane is inthe closed state, light is reflected by the mirror. In the open state,light is allowed to impinge on the optical port portion of thesubstrate.

The flexible membrane or shutter is configured such that it is normallyin the open state. When the membrane is fabricated, stresses areintroduced into the material such that in a quiescent state, themembrane is rolled up into a coiled configuration. When the membrane isattached to the substrate, and a programming or operating voltage isapplied across the membrane and the substrate, the resulting electricfield causes the membrane to uncoil and lay over the optical portportion of the substrate. Generally, as long as the voltage is applied,the membrane is held in the uncoiled closed state. When the voltage isremoved, the membrane coils back up into the open state.

In one aspect of the invention, an aperture or hole is formed throughthe substrate at the optical port portion of the substrate. In thisconfiguration, when the membrane is in the open position, light directedat the optical port portion of the substrate passes through the aperturewithout obstruction. As in the general configuration set forth above,when the membrane is in the closed position, the light impinges on themembrane.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the device includesa latching capability which allows the membrane to be held in theclosed, i.e., uncoiled, state without maintaining the operating voltageapplied across the substrate and the entire membrane. The device can beprovided with a latch electrode formed on the substrate at the end ofthe membrane opposite the attachment end when the membrane is uncoiled.When the membrane is uncoiled, the end of the membrane is brought intoclose proximity to the latch electrode on the substrate. After themembrane uncoils into the closed position by application of theoperating voltage, a latching voltage is applied across the latchelectrode and the membrane. The resulting electric field in the air gapbetween the end of the membrane and the substrate holds the membrane inthe uncoiled state. The operating voltage can then be removed. Since anelectric field only exists where there is no contact between themembrane and the substrate, sticking of the membrane to the substrate isreduced or eliminated.

This latching feature provides several advantages. The latch featuresubstantially relieves degraded performance or failure of devices causedby sticking of the membrane to the substrate. Without the latchingfeature, the operating voltage would be maintained across the entiremembrane and the substrate to keep the entire membrane in contact withthe substrate as long as the switch remained in the closed state, insome cases for long periods of time. In such cases, the membrane oftensticks to the substrate, resulting in significant degradation inperformance or complete failure of the device. Because in the presentinvention, the membrane is maintained in the closed position by electricfield in the air gap between the membrane and the substrate only thelatch electrode, the probability of sticking is virtually eliminated.

In another aspect of the invention, the membrane is provided with aplurality of slits. The slits relieve strain in the membrane and preventdistortion of the membrane when it is pulled down over the substrate.The reduced or eliminated distortion allows the reflective surface onthe membrane to be maintained extremely flat, resulting in greatlyimproved performance.

Another set of slits can be provided to enhance the switchingperformance of the device. Because the device of the invention operatesin a gaseous atmosphere, atmospheric effects can slow the operation ofthe device. This second set of slits is provided to allow the gaseousatmosphere to pass through the membrane as it moves, i.e., as ittransitions between states. Because the slowing effects of theatmosphere are greatly reduced by these gas venting slits, the devicecan change states faster, resulting in improved speed and performance.

In another aspect of the invention, the membrane is provided with aplurality of dimples, also to reduce sticking of the membrane to thesubstrate when the operating voltage is removed to transition the switchdevice from the closed state to the open state. The dimples provide muchsmaller points of contact between the membrane and the substrate. Holescan be additionally fabricated in the electrodes in the area around thedimples. This has the effect of reducing the electric field in the areaof the dimple. As a result, the probability of the membrane sticking tothe substrate is substantially reduced.

In another aspect of the invention, a raised annular rim is providedaround the optical port portion of the substrate. When the membrane isuncoiled over the optical port, the area of the membrane near the portcontacts the rim. The has the effect of flattening the membrane whichimproves performance of the device when the reflective surface isattached to the top of the membrane.

In another aspect of the invention, another approach is employed toflatten the membrane and/or mirror. The attachment edge of the membrane,i.e., the edge of the membrane at which the membrane is attached to thesubstrate, is made shorter than the rest of the width of the membrane byforming the membrane with a tapered shape. This has the effect ofreducing distortions in the membrane and thereby allows the membrane tolay flat when it is held in the uncoiled or closed position.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of theinvention will be apparent from the following more particulardescription of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated inthe accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer tothe same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are notnecessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustratingthe principles of the invention.

FIG. 1A contains an image of a single rolling membrane optical switchelement with the element in the closed or uncoiled state, in accordancewith one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 1B contains a schematic perspective image of the switch element ofFIG. 1B with the membrane in the open or coiled state.

FIGS. 2A-2C contain schematic views of a rolling membrane optical switchdevice in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 contains an image of a rolling membrane optical switch devicewith the membrane in the open or coiled state, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 4A-4C contain schematic views of a rolling membrane optical switchdevice with a raised annular rim around the optical port, in accordancewith one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5A contains a schematic view of a rolling membrane optical switchdevice with strain relief slits formed in the flexible membrane, inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5B contains a schematic view of a rolling membrane optical switchdevice with gas venting and strain relief slits formed in the flexiblemembrane, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5C contains a schematic view of a rolling membrane optical switchdevice with tapered membrane and a shortened membrane attachment edge,in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 6A-6C contain schematic views of a rolling membrane optical switchdevice with dimples formed in the membrane, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 7A-7B contain schematic cross-sectional views of the rollingmembrane optical switch device of FIGS. 6A-6C with dimples formed in themembrane, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 8A-8C contain schematic views of a rolling membrane optical switchdevice with latch electrode, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 9A contains a schematic perspective view of an optical switcharray, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9B contains a detailed close-up schematic perspective view of aportion of the optical switch array of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 10 contains an image of the optical switch array of the inventionillustrating multiple optical switch elements in the open and closedstates.

FIG. 11 contains a schematic perspective view of an optical switcharray, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 contains an image of a switch element mounting structure used inan optical switch array, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 13 contains an image of an alternative switch element mountingstructure used in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 14 contains an image of switch clips used in one embodiment of themounting structure of FIG. 13, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is directed to an improved optical switch devicewith a rolling thin membrane or shutter which closes and opens uponapplication and removal of an electric field. For example, the presentapplication provides improvements over devices of the type described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,233,459 (the '459 patent hereinafter). That patent isincorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Throughout thefollowing detailed description, elements of the device or methods usedin fabricating the device of the invention are of the type described inthe '459 patent, unless what is being described is different than or animprovement over an element, device or method of fabrication describedin the '459 patent.

FIG. 1A contains a top view image of a single MEMS rolling membraneoptical switch element 10 in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention, with the membrane in the closed or uncoiled state,and FIG. 1B contains a schematic perspective view of the switch element10 with the membrane in the open or coiled state. The switch element 10includes a rolling membrane or shutter or shade 12 which is attached atits attachment end 16 to a substrate 14. The membrane 12 includescorrugations 18 to aid in the coiling and uncoiling of the membrane 12.A membrane contact pad 24 is formed on the surface of the device 10 inelectrical contact with the membrane. A substrate electrode 25 is formedin contact with the substrate 14. When the operating voltage is appliedacross the two electrodes 24 and 25, the membrane 12 uncoils over thesubstrate 14 into the configuration illustrated in FIG. 1. When theoperating voltage is removed, the membrane 12 coils up away from thesubstrate 14 back to the position of FIG. 1B.

A double-sided reflective surface or mirror 22 is formed in the membrane12 near its center such that reflective surfaces are exposed on both thetop and bottom sides of the membrane. The mirror 22 is surrounded bycircular corrugations 20 formed in the membrane to allow the mirror 22to be easily coiled and uncoiled and to allow the mirror 22 to lay flatover the optical port in the substrate 12 when the membrane 12 isuncoiled onto the substrate 14.

In the invention described herein, the improvements made over priordevices, such as those described in the '459 patent, include renderingthe substrate 14 highly transmissive and the movable membrane 12 highlyreflective. As a result, when the membrane is open, i.e., coiled up, alight beam will pass through the substrate substantially unattenuatedand unaberrated. When the shutter is closed, the light is reflected bythe mirror.

FIG. 2A is a top plan view of one embodiment of the rolling mirroroptical switch element 10 of the invention. FIG. 2B is a schematiccross-sectional view of the rolling mirror optical switch element 10 ofthe invention taken along line A—A of FIG. 2A. FIG. 2C is a schematiccross-sectional view of the rolling mirror optical switch element 10 ofthe invention taken along line B—B of FIG. 2A. As shown in FIGS. 2A-2C,the membrane 12 opens and closes over an optical port portion 19 of thesubstrate 14. The substrate 14 can be made of a semiconductor materialsuch as silicon and it has formed on its surface an insulating layer 15.The membrane 12 is attached to the top of the insulating layer 15.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 2A-2C, the switch element 10 is fabricated ona silicon wafer. A hole 17 is etched through the back of the substrate14 so that light passes through the device substantially unobstructed.When the shutter 12 is closed, i.e., rolled out, the reflective portion22 spans the aperture 17 and reflects the light. FIG. 3 contains animage of a rolling membrane optical switch device with the membrane inthe open or coiled state, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention. In this embodiment, the reflective portion in themiddle of the membrane is formed to have tensile stress which will tendto apply stretching to the mirror to keep the mirror flat. The mirrorsection of the membrane is designed to be under tensile stress so thatit is stretched flat like a drumhead. The mirror part of the shutter isalso thinner and more flexible than the other areas of the shutter sothat the forces stretching out the drumhead are small enough to noteasily distort the shutter. Also, the circular corrugations 20 outsidethe mirror area 22 further relieve the forces on the rest of the shuttermembrane.

In another embodiment, the substrate is made thin such that it issubstantially transparent at the wavelength of interest. Such a waferprovides substantially unobstructed transmission when the shutter 12 isopen and provides support for the shutter when it is closed. In thisembodiment, the wafer can be composed of an optically transparent butelectrically semiconducting material such that the actuation oroperating voltage is applied through or partially through the wafer.

FIG. 4A is a top plan view of another embodiment of the rolling mirroroptical switch element 110 of the invention with the membrane in theclosed or uncoiled position. FIG. 4B is a schematic cross-sectional viewof the rolling mirror optical switch element 110 of the invention takenalong line A—A of FIG. 4A. FIG. 4C is a schematic cross-sectional viewof the rolling mirror optical switch element 110 of the invention takenalong line B—B of FIG. 4A.

In this embodiment and the other embodiments described herein, theshutter can be less than 1 micron thick and can be up to 1,000 micronsacross. The mirror can be approximately 400 microns across. The mirror22 preferably comprises a reflective metal such as gold, aluminum or agold/aluminum bilayer. Alternatively, thin film dielectric mirrorcoatings can be used. The stiffness in the membrane and mirror is low;the membrane and mirror are not rigid enough in general to assure a flatreflective surface. The flatness typically required in settings in whichthe device of the invention is applicable, such as fiber optic lasercommunications applications, is about 1000 Angstroms or less. In fact,it is this lack of rigidity which allows the mirror to be rolled andunrolled.

The substrate, which is made of silicon, can have a flat enough surface.When the shutter lies in intimate contact with the substrate, theshutter will also be flat enough. In one embodiment, the mirror is flatto within 1,000 Angstroms. In one embodiment, the substrate is thinnedin the region of the mirror to the point where it becomes transparent tothe wavelength, e.g., infrared, of interest, allowing the substrate toprovide support for the mirror when the membrane is unrolled and to actas a window for the transmitted beam when the membrane is rolled. Anantireflection coating is used if the substrate is used as a window.

As noted above, in another embodiment, the substrate includes a taperedhole or aperture 117 in the substrate under the membrane. The holecannot provide support for the mirror to keep it flat. The mirror ismade flat by pulling it taut over the raised annular rim structure 113formed on the surface of the insulating layer 15 around the opening ofthe aperture 117.

In some cases it is desirable to use materials in the shutter membranethat have a different coefficient of expansion than the substrate andsometimes the fabrication process requires that there is a net strain inthe membrane relative to the substrate. This strain can cause bucklingor distortion in the membrane, which can have a marked effect on theactuation of the shutter and could reduce the mirror flatness. Toovercome these problems, the present invention provides an improvedmembrane.

FIG. 5A contains a schematic top view of a rolling membrane for anoptical switch device with strain relief slits 215 formed in theflexible membrane, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. The strain relief slits 215 are provided in the membrane 212as shown along the attachment edge of the membrane near attachment pads219.

FIG. 5B contains a schematic top view of a rolling membrane 312 for anoptical switch device with gas venting and strain relief slits 315formed in the flexible membrane, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. In addition to the strain relief benefit, theseslits 315 also provide openings for the gas in the area of the device tomove through the slits when the shutter is actuated. Since the shutterrolls out in a millisecond or less, the atmosphere around the shutter ispushed by the shutter, resisting its motion. Without the slits 315, thisresistance is large enough to cause the shutter to bend duringactuation, since the resistance force is larger in the center than theedge. The slits 315 relieve the gas pressure and help make the forcemore uniform, which improves the dynamic stability.

FIG. 5C contains a schematic view of a rolling membrane 412 for anoptical switch device with a tapered membrane 412 and a shortenedmembrane attachment edge 415, in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention. The side edges include tapered sections 417 such thatthe attachment edge 415 at the attachment pad 419 is shorter than themaximum width of the membrane 412.

An additional improvement provided in accordance with the invention isreduced sticking between the shutter membrane and the substrate.Sticking is an important issue because it can cause a catastrophicfailure of the shutter device. One of the causes for sticking is thehigh electric field between the shutter membrane and the pull downelectrode in the substrate. Fields on the order of one million volts percentimeter are common for these shutter devices. Electric breakdown andcharge migration are expected to occur at these field strengths and cancause sticking. In accordance with the invention, the membrane ismodified to reduce the probability of sticking. FIGS. 6A-6C containschematic views of a rolling membrane optical switch device 610 withdimples formed in the membrane 612, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. FIG. 6A is a top plan view of this embodiment ofthe rolling mirror optical switch element 610 of the invention with themembrane 612 in the closed or uncoiled position. FIG. 6B is a schematiccross-sectional view of the rolling mirror optical switch element 610 ofthe invention taken along line A—A of FIG. 6A. FIG. 6C is a schematiccross-sectional view of the rolling mirror optical switch element 610 ofthe invention taken along line B—B of FIG. 6A.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 6A-6C, the membrane 612 includes an array ofdimples 613. In contrast with prior structures in which both thesubstrate pull-down electrode and the membrane electrode are continuoussheets of metal, in this configuration of the invention, the dimples arefabricated with holes in one or both of the electrodes in the area ofand immediately surrounding the dimples 613. This removal of electrodematerial has the effect of greatly reducing the field in the area of thedimple, which, in turn, greatly reduces the probability of sticking.

FIGS. 7A-7B contain detailed schematic cross-sectional views ofalternate embodiments of the dimples 613 formed on the rolling membrane612 of the optical switch device of FIGS. 6A-6C. As shown in FIG. 7A,the device 610 is formed on a substrate 615. A metal layer 617 is formedon the substrate 615, and a silicon dioxide layer 619 is formed on themetal layer 617 to a thickness of about 1,000 angstroms. A 3,000angstrom gap is left between the lower body of the device 610 and themembrane 610. The membrane is made from three layers of material,including a 1,000 angstrom thick silicon dioxide layer 623, a 1,000angstrom thick aluminum layer 625 and another 1,000 angstrom thicksilicon dioxide layer 627. The membrane 612 in the area of the dimple613 is shaped to create the dimple 613 to a width of about 3 microns.The dimple of FIG. 7B includes the same types of layers as that of FIG.7A. That is, the structure of FIG. 7B also includes a substrate 655, ametal layer 657, a 1,000 angstrom silicon dioxide layer 659, a 3,000angstrom gap 661, and a three-layer membrane 612, which includes two1,000 angstrom silicon dioxide layers 663 and 667 with a 1,000 angstromaluminum layer between them.

The difference between the structures of FIGS. 7A and 7B is in theshapes of the layers. For example, in the device of FIG. 7A, thealuminum layer 625 is interrupted in the area of the dimple. Also, inFIG. 7B, in the area of the dimple, the metal layer 657 is interrupted.

In accordance with the invention, another approach to preventingsticking between the membrane and the substrate includes the addition ofa secondary, latching electrode, as shown in FIGS. 8A-8C, which containschematic views of a rolling membrane optical switch device 710 with alatch electrode 712, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. FIG. 8A is a top plan view of this embodiment of the rollingmirror optical switch element 670 of the invention with the membrane 712in the closed or uncoiled position. FIG. 8B is a schematiccross-sectional view of the rolling mirror optical switch element 710 ofthe invention taken along line A—A of FIG. 8A. FIG. 8C is a schematiccross-sectional view of the rolling mirror optical switch element 710 ofthe invention taken along line B—B of FIG. 8A.

The latch electrode 713 provides several functions. First, the extraelectrode 713 provides an electric field within an air gap between theend of the membrane and the substrate at the far end of the rolled outmembrane 712 to hold down the shutter 712 once rollout has beenaccomplished. The intensity of the electric field is selected such thatthe end of the membrane is not pulled down into contact with thesubstrate, as shown in FIG. 8B. With this field in place, the rollout oroperating voltage in regions where the membrane is in contact with thesubstrate, which must be under the body of the membrane 712 to beeffective, can be turned off. Thus, except for the brief initial pulseto initiate and roll out the membrane 712, the field is eliminated inthe region of contact between the membrane 712 and the substrate,thereby reducing the potential for sticking. In one embodiment, the partof the membrane 712 over the latch electrode is physically held off thesubstrate surface by added support structures.

A second feature of this latching capability of the invention is asimplified drive circuit for use with the latching electrode. Becausethe latching electrode is separately accessible, the drive signals caneach be simple, binary-switched signals rather than high-to-low ramps. Athird feature of the latching electrode switch invention is the use ofrow/column address lines instead of individual address lines. That is,in a switch array such as the type described below, the (M,N)th switchcan be activated by energizing the Mth row of membrane electrodes andthe Nth column of pull-down electrodes and latching electrodes. Once the(M,N)th switch is latched, the power can then be removed from thepull-down electrode, and the latching voltage can be applied to the Mthrow of membrane electrodes and the Nth row of latching electrodes.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to an N×M optical switcharray for use in optical data and telecommunications applications. FIG.9A contains a schematic perspective view of an optical switch array 800,in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 9Bcontains a detailed close-up schematic perspective view of a portion ofthe optical switch array 800 of FIG. 9A. The array 800 incorporates Ntimes M copies of any version of the improved optical switch device 10described herein fabricated using MEMS technology. The improvements inthe device allow it to alternately reflect and transmit afree-space-propagating optical data signal. As shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B,the switch devices 10 are arranged on an N-by-M grid so that any of theM input signals can be routed arbitrarily to the N output ports byactivating, i.e., making reflective, the device located at the (N,M)thgrid location. The invention is also enabled by the use of special highquality microlenses 803 and a unique mounting approach for the variouscomponents.

As shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the array 800 selectively switches lightbetween two orthogonal optical fiber arrays 805A and 805B. Light fromeach optical fiber 805 is collimated by a microlens 803 before it islaunched into the N×M grid of switches 10. In this embodiment, eachswitch is one of the improved optical switch devices described herein.As described above, each switch element contains the thin membrane 12that, because of internal stresses built in during fabrication, arenormally curled up into a roll or coil. When the switch is rolled up,the collimated light from the fiber is allowed to pass through the holeat the switch grid location. By selectively applying a voltage betweenthe membrane and the substrate of a selected switch, the respectivemembrane is uncurled or rolled out, revealing the reflective spot ormirror that will reflect the beam of light to the output port of thearray 800. The reflective mirror is designed to have a surface that iscurved when rolled up and flat when rolled out. The output ports of thearray 800 are identical to the input ports. A controller 810 isinterfaced to the array 800 for controlling the opening and closing ofswitches 10 at selected locations by selectively applying and removingthe operating and/or latching voltage as described above to theappropriate rows and columns of the array 800.

As shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the switches 10 are arranged in a gridconfiguration and are supported on a microbench 807. The fibers 805 andmicrolenses 803 are supported by supports 509.

FIG. 10 contains an image of the optical switch array 800 he inventionillustrating multiple optical switch elements 10 the open and closedstates.

FIG. 11 contains a schematic perspective view of an optical switch array900, prior to installation of all of the switch elements 10. Itillustrates features of the approach to assembling the switch array 900in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, as well as beampropagation through the matrix. As described in detail above, the switchelements 10 are fabricated lying down in the plane of the silicon wafersubstrate and may be diced into linear arrays of any length, from one upto the number that fits across the width of the wafer. The individualdie or linked linear arrays 910 are mounted on an optical microbench 907“tombstone” style at the intersection of the path of a beam of lightfrom one fiber 805 to another, as shown with only partial population inFIG. 11 for clarity and ease of illustration.

The switches can be attached to the bench 907 in any of several ways.First, the switches can be mounted using purely passive alignment. Usingthis approach, the individual die or the linked dice are mounteddirectly into matching mounting structures machined into the opticalbench 907. FIG. 12 contains an image of an example of such a mountingstructure 919. The structure 919 includes a row of integral spring clips921, each for holding one die.

Another mounting approach is shown in FIG. 13, which illustratesmounting and alignment structures (MAMS) 940 described in a U.S.provisional patent application entitled, “Mounting and AlignmentStructures for Optical Communications Components,”serial No. 60/186,925,filed on Mar. 3, 2000 and a U.S. non-provisional patent applicationentitled, “Mounting and Alignment Structures for OpticalComponents,”Ser. No. 09/648,348, filed on Aug. 25, 2000. Thoseapplications are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.Under this approach, the switches 942, 944 are placed on the MAMS 940 bystandard pack-and-place technology, as used in the semiconductorindustry, and affixed using solder. The switch-bearing MAMS 940 aresimilarly placed and affixed to the bench at the optical intersectionsbetween the input and output fiber ports. Only after the MAMS 940 aresoldered in place on the optical bench are they aligned using activealignment algorithms. A variation on this approach occurs when the MAMSare built in linear arrays. In this case, the individual switches aremounted on linear MAMS arrays of appropriate lengths, and then the arrayis mounted on the bench. Again, final alignment of each switch takesplace using active alignment after mounting to the bench is complete.

A hybrid mounting approach is based on a spring clip MAMS, as shown inFIG. 14. For this approach, two spring clip MAMS 952 are used to formthe interface between the die/array and the microbench. Unlike the firstapproach, these MAMS 952 are mounted and aligned passively, and then theswitch dice are inserted. The electrical connections to the switch clipsare made through traces on the optical bench. If the spring clip mountof FIG. 14 is used, then each spring arm 952, 954 carries the signalfrom the bench to the switch electrodes.

The interface between the optical fibers and the switch module isanother important feature of the invention, since it allows the entirepackage to be made small, robust, and inexpensive. Referring again toFIG. 11, in one embodiment, an array of fiber collimators 911, arrangedin a 90-degree corner with a second array of collimators, are used totransform light from similarly arranged rows of optical fiber to arraysof parallel beams of collimated light. These beams are deflected by theswitches to the second lens array, which focuses the beams into theoutput fibers. This interface is created using linear arrays of MAMS tohold and align both the fibers and the collimating lenses. Thecollimating lenses are preferably manufactured by a patented masstransport process of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,622,which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. However,other microlens fabrication techniques, such as binary optics or castmicro-refractive lenses, could also be used.

These lens and fiber arrays can be constructed from individual MAMS orfrom linearly connected arrays of MAMS. A feature of a MAMS is that itcan be critically aligned using active feedback after it has beeninstalled on the bench and after the lens or fiber has been installed onit.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described withreferences to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood bythose skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may bemade therein without departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention as defined by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An optical switch device comprising: a substrate;a flexible membrane attached at least one end to a surface of thesubstrate in proximity to an optical port portion of the substrate, theflexible membrane being configured such that, in a first state, theflexible membrane is disposed over the optical port portion of thesubstrate such that light directed toward the optical port portion ofthe substrate impinges on the flexible membrane, and, in a second state,the flexible membrane is disposed to expose the optical port portion ofthe substrate such that light directed toward the optical port portionof the substrate impinges on the optical port portion of the substrate;and a plurality of dimples formed on the flexible membrane such thatwhen the flexible membrane is in the first state, the flexible membranecontacts the substrate at the dimples; said dimples are fabricated withan interruption or hole in the conductor or the electrode in either saidflexible membrane or said substrate or both in the area of andimmediately surrounding said dimples.
 2. The optical switch device ofclaim 1, wherein the flexible membrane is formed such that in the secondstate, the flexible membrane is coiled away from the optical portportion of the substrate, and, in the first state, the flexible membraneis uncoiled over the optical port portion of the substrate.
 3. Theoptical switch device of claim 2, wherein the flexible membrane isnormally in a coiled condition, and, upon application of an operatingvoltage across the substrate and the flexible membrane, the flexiblemembrane uncoils over the aperture.
 4. The optical switch device ofclaim 1, further comprising a raised annular rim member formed on thesubstrate around the optical port portion of the substrate such that,when the flexible membrane is in the first state, a bottom surface ofthe flexible membrane contacts the raised annular rim member.
 5. Theoptical switch device of claim 1, wherein the flexible membrane isformed with tensile stress such that it is pulled taut when it is in thefirst state.
 6. The optical switch device of claim 1, wherein theflexible member is attached to the substrate at an attachment edge ofthe flexible member extending along a width dimension of the flexiblemember, the flexible member being tapered such that the attachment edgeof the flexible member is shorter than the width of the flexible membermeasured at the portion of the flexible member that covers the opticalport portion of the substrate when the flexible member is in the firststate.
 7. An optical switch device comprising: a substrate; a flexiblemembrane attached at least one end to a surface of the substrate inproximity to an optical port portion of the substrate, the flexiblemembrane being configured such that, in a first state, the flexiblemembrane is uncoiled over the optical port portion of the substrate suchthat light directed toward the optical port portion of the substrateimpinges on the flexible membrane, and, in a second state, the flexiblemembrane is coiled away from the optical port portion of the substratesuch that light directed toward the optical port portion of thesubstrate impinges on the optical port portion of the substrate; and araised annular rim member formed on the substrate around the opticalport portion of the substrate such that, when the flexible membrane isin the first state, a bottom surface of the flexible membrane contactsthe raised annular rim member; said flexible membrane being tapered suchthat the attachment edge of the flexible membrane is measured at theportion of the flexible membrane that covers the optical port portion ofthe substrate when the flexible membrane is in the first state.
 8. Theoptical switch device of claim 7, wherein the flexible membrane isnormally in a coiled condition, and, upon application of an operatingvoltage across the substrate and the flexible membrane, the flexiblemembrane uncoils over the optical port portion of the substrate.
 9. Theoptical switch device of claim 7, wherein the flexible membrane isattached to the substrate at an attachment edge of the flexible membraneextending along a width dimension of the flexible membrane.
 10. Anoptical switch device comprising: a substrate; and a flexible membraneattached at at least one end to a surface of the substrate in proximityto an optical port region of the substrate, the flexible membrane beingconfigured such that, in a first state, the flexible membrane isdisposed over the optical port portion of the substrate such that lightdirected toward the optical port portion of the substrate impinges onthe flexible membrane, and, in a second state, the flexible membrane isdisposed to expose the optical port portion of the substrate such thatlight directed toward the optical port portion of the substrate impingeson the optical port portion of the substrate; wherein the flexiblemember is attached to the substrate at an attachment edge of theflexible member extending along a width dimension of the flexiblemember, the flexible member being tapered such that the attachment edgeof the flexible member is shorter than the width of the flexible membermeasured at the portion of the flexible member that covers the opticalport portion of the substrate when the flexible member is in the firststate.
 11. The optical switch device of claim 10, wherein the flexiblemembrane is formed such that in the second state, the flexible membraneis coiled away from the optical port portion of the substrate, and, inthe first state, the flexible membrane is uncoiled over the optical portportion of the substrate.
 12. The optical switch device of claim 11,wherein the flexible membrane is normally in a coiled condition, and,upon application of an operating voltage across the substrate and theflexible membrane, the flexible membrane uncoils over the optical portportion of the substrate.
 13. An optical switching method comprising: asubstrate; a flexible membrane attached at least one end to a surface ofthe substrate in proximity to an optical port portion of the substrate,the flexible membrane being configured such that, in a first state, theflexible membrane is disposed over the optical port portion of thesubstrate such that light directed toward the optical port portion ofthe substrate impinges on the flexible membrane, and, in a second state,the flexible membrane is disposed to expose the optical port portion ofthe substrate such that light directed toward the optical port portionof the substrate impinges on the optical port portion of the substrate;and a plurality of dimples formed on the flexible membrane such thatwhen the flexible membrane is in the first state, the flexible membranecontacts the substrate at the dimples; said dimples are fabricated withan interruption or hole in the conductor or the electrode in either saidflexible membrane or said substrate or both in the area of andimmediately surrounding said dimples.
 14. The optical switching methodof claim 13, wherein the flexible membrane is formed such that in thesecond state, the flexible membrane is coiled away from the optical portportion of the substrate, and, in the first state, the flexible membraneis uncoiled over the optical port portion of the substrate.
 15. Theoptical switching method of claim 14, wherein the flexible membrane isnormally in a coiled condition, and, upon application of an operatingvoltage across the substrate and the flexible membrane, the flexiblemembrane uncoils over the aperture.
 16. The optical switching method ofclaim 13, further comprising a raised annular rim member formed on thesubstrate around the optical port portion of the substrate such that,when the flexible membrane is in the first state, a bottom surface ofthe flexible membrane contacts the raised annular rim member.
 17. Theoptical switching method of claim 13, wherein the flexible member isattached to the substrate at an attachment edge of the flexible memberextending along a width dimension of the flexible member, the flexiblemember being tapered such that the attachment edge of the flexiblemember is shorter than the width of the flexible member measured at theportion of the flexible member that covers the optical port portion ofthe substrate when the flexible member is in the first state.
 18. Anoptical switching method comprising: a substrate; a flexible membraneattached at least one end to a surface of the substrate in proximity toan optical port portion of the substrate, the flexible membrane beingconfigured such that, in a first state, the flexible membrane isuncoiled over the optical port portion of the substrate such that lightdirected toward the optical port portion of the substrate impinges onthe flexible membrane, and, in a second state, the flexible membrane iscoiled away from the optical port portion of the substrate such thatlight directed toward the optical port portion of the substrate impingeson the optical port portion of the substrate; and a raised annular rimmember formed on the substrate around the optical port portion of thesubstrate such that, when the flexible membrane is in the first state, abottom surface of the flexible membrane contacts the raised annular rimmember; said flexible membrane being tapered such that the attachmentedge of the flexible membrane is measured at the portion of the flexiblemembrane that covers the optical port portion of the substrate when theflexible membrane is in the first state.
 19. The optical switchingmethod of claim 18, wherein the flexible membrane is normally in acoiled condition, and, upon application of an operating voltage acrossthe substrate and the flexible membrane, the flexible membrane uncoilsover the optical port portion of the substrate.
 20. The opticalswitching method of claim 18, wherein the flexible membrane is attachedto the substrate at an attachment edge of the flexible membraneextending along a width dimension of the flexible membrane.
 21. Anoptical switching method comprising: a substrate; and a flexiblemembrane attached at at least one end to a surface of the substrate inproximity to an optical port region of the substrate, the flexiblemembrane being configured such that, in a first state, the flexiblemembrane is disposed over the optical port portion of the substrate suchthat light directed toward the optical port portion of the substrateimpinges on the flexible membrane, and, in a second state, the flexiblemembrane is disposed to expose the optical port portion of the substratesuch that light directed toward the optical port portion of thesubstrate impinges on the optical port portion of the substrate; whereinthe flexible member is attached to the substrate at an attachment edgeof the flexible member extending along a width dimension of the flexiblemember, the flexible member being tapered such that the attachment edgeof the flexible member is shorter than the width of the flexible membermeasured at the portion of the flexible member that covers the opticalport portion of the substrate when the flexible member is in the firststate.
 22. The optical switching method of claim 21, wherein theflexible membrane is formed such that in the second state, the flexiblemembrane is coiled away from the optical port portion of the substrate,and, in the first state, the flexible membrane is uncoiled over theoptical port portion of the substrate.
 23. The optical switching methodof claim 22, wherein the flexible membrane is normally in a coiledcondition, and, upon application of an operating voltage across thesubstrate and the flexible membrane, the flexible membrane uncoils overthe optical port portion of the substrate.